Leptospira has evolved a way to evade immune defenses. Pathogenic Leptospira can cross the cell monolayer at a much greater rate than non-pathogenic Leptospira. Therefore, developing an effective and safe leptospirosis vaccine is a challenge for scientists. Molecular and cellular studies on leptospirosis vaccines have focused on bacterial motility, outer membrane proteins (OMPs), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoproteins and potential virulence factors.
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